Generating Efficient Numerical Evaluation Routines for Bivariate Functions via Tensor Product SeriesKeith O. Geddes
Symbolic Computation Group
David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
Joint work with Frederick W. Chapman and Xiang Wang
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Abstract</Text-field>Given a bivariate function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkUvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkUvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZFLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjJGQUZBRj1GQQ== we consider the problem of generating, in an automated manner, a routine for efficient numerical evaluation at any point in a specified rectangular region of the LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=-LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= plane. The goals for the generated routine are: accuracy (for a specified fixed precision), efficiency, and the generated routine must be "purely numerical" in the sense that it can be translated into a language such as C and can be compiled for inclusion in a numerical library. For example, we are able to generate numerical evaluation routines for the various Bessel functions (with the order treated as a real-valued variable), and other bivariate functions, with significantly increased speed of evaluation compared with current implementations.We exploit the capabilities of a computer algebra system to achieve the desired level of automation. A fundamental tool in our method is the natural tensor product series developed in a doctoral thesis by Frederick W. Chapman in 2003. Using this technique, LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkUvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkUvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZFLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjJGQUZBRkE= is approximated by an interpolation series such that each term in the series is a tensor product 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. The efficiency of approximation achieved by this method derives from the fact that the univariate basis functions are cross-sections of the original bivariate function. The bivariate approximation problem is thereby reduced to a sequence of univariate approximation problems which can be handled by various well-known techniques. Assuming that the univariate basis functions are analytic with isolated singularities, we apply singularity-handling techniques to ensure the efficiency of the univariate approximations.
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Hybrid Symbolic-Numeric Integration (1-D)</Text-field>A brief mention of some older work on one-dimensional symbolic-numeric integration, since some of the "symbolic analysis" concepts carry forward to the current 2-D work.
General theme: Using symbolic analysis techniques in the context of achieving a numerical result.
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Example 2.1: Series expansion at a singularity</Text-field>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JSFHForm the integral on LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiYtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIwRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnRjQvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHUSV0cnVlRicvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRjE2JFEiM0YnRjRGNEY0RjQ= and apply numerical integration.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 numerically to 25 digits yields the following result.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEmZXZhbGZGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiYtRiM2JS1JI21uR0YkNiRRIzI1RicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRidGPkY+LyUlb3BlbkdRIltGJy8lJmNsb3NlR1EiXUYnLUY2NiQtRiM2JS1GLDYlUSVpbnRnRidGL0YyRkBGPkY+RkBGPg==Note that the integrand has a logarithmic singularity at x=0 as the following series expansion shows.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The hybrid symbolic-numeric technique (automated in Maple) includes the concept of term-by-term integration of such a series expansion, employing symbolic integration for the individual terms.JSFH
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Example 2.2: Subtracting off a singularity</Text-field>LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEocmVzdGFydEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw==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JSFHNote that the graph of this integrand goes to LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y0LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjQvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjQvJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y0LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGNC8lJ2FjY2VudEdGNC8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkMtRiw2LVEoJmluZmluO0YnRi9GMkY1RjdGOUY7Rj1GPy9GQlEmMC4wZW1GJy9GRUZKRi8= at LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjBGJ0Y5Rjk=. However, this is an integrable singularity. It behaves like LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjbG5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiQtRiw2JVEieEYnL0YwUSV0cnVlRicvRjNRJ2l0YWxpY0YnRjJGMkYy near LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjBGJ0Y5Rjk=.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JSFHNote: The technique of subtracting off a singularity illustrated below, takes place automatically within Maple's numerical integration routines.Suppose it is desired to compute the result to 25 digits of accuracy.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnRGlnaXRzRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJmNvbG9uZXE7RicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y9LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkwtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSMyNUYnRjkvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y9Rjk=The generalized series expansion of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiaEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= at LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJ4RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMEYnRj5GPkYrRj4= takes the following form.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The non-regular part 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The new 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is analytic on the interval [0, 1]. Thus it can be integrated easily by the default numerical integration method.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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjcjFGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSomY29sb25lcTtGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1GLDYlUSZldmFsZkYnRi9GMi1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYlLUYsNiVRIiVGJ0YvRjIvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y9RjlGOUZaRjk=JSFHIntegrating LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEicUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is easy because it has the indefinite 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 its definite integral can therefore be computed symbolically.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, summing the two values, we obtain the value for the original definite integration problem.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
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Example 2.3: Algebraic transformation of variables</Text-field>LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEocmVzdGFydEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw==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: The change of variables illustrated below takes place automatically within Maple's numerical integration routines.The generalized series expansion of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiRkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjIvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRj1GPQ== at LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjBGJ0Y5Rjk= is of the 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Applying the change of variables LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEidEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JJm1zcXJ0R0YkNiMtRiM2Jy1GLDYlUSJ4RidGL0YyRi8vJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR1EsWzEyOCwwLDEyOF1GJy8lLHBsYWNlaG9sZGVyR0YxRjJGOQ== (i.e., LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JJW1zdXBHRiQ2JS1GLDYlUSJ0RidGL0YyLUYjNiUtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIyRidGOUYvRjIvJTFzdXBlcnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnRjk=) 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The new integrand is analytic on the interval of integration.Thus it can be integrated easily by the default numerical integration method, even at high accuracy.Suppose that the result is desired to 50 digits of accuracy.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEmZXZhbGZGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiYtRiM2JS1JI21uR0YkNiRRIzUwRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRidGPkY+LyUlb3BlbkdRIltGJy8lJmNsb3NlR1EiXUYnLUY2NiQtRiM2JS1GLDYlUSNyM0YnRi9GMkZARj5GPkZARj4=
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Introduction to Tensor Product Series</Text-field>The main tool for generating approximations of bivariate functions will be tensor product series. The key concept is interpolation of bivariate functions by what is known as a natural tensor product [Thomas76]. The Ph.D thesis by Chapman [Chapman03] developed the theory of tensor product series and we presented an ISSAC'05 paper [CarvajalChapmanGeddes05] which applied the theory to develop a hybrid symbolic-numeric method for the calculation of multidimensional integrals.In our ISSAC'05 paper, we restricted attention to the case of symmetric functions which was sufficient for the application to multidimensional integration. We have now extended the method to an efficient implemention of tensor product interpolation for general non-symmetric functions. The Masters thesis by Xiang (Sophy) Wang [Wang08] presented results of applying this technique to the generation of numerical evaluation routines for bivariate functions.
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Tensor Products</Text-field>A tensor product is a finite sum of terms where each term is a product of univariate functions:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYtLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEic0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYmLUYvNiVRIm5GJ0YyRjVGMi8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdRLEJ1bGxldH5JdGVtRidGNS8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNictRi82JVEieEYnRjJGNS1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJy9GNlEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjQvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGUy8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGUy8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRlMvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZTLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZTLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRi82JVEieUYnRjJGNUY9Rk9GTy1GTDYtUSI9RidGT0ZRL0ZVRlNGVkZYRlpGZm5GaG4vRltvUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0Zeb0Zoby1JK211bmRlcm92ZXJHRiQ2Jy1JJ21zdHlsZUdGJDYlLUZMNi9RJiZzdW07RicvJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR1EuWzE0NCwxNDQsMTQ0XUYnRk8vSSttc2VtYW50aWNzR0YkUSZpbmVydEYnRlFGZm8vRldGNEZYL0ZlbkY0L0ZnbkY0RmhuRmpuL0Zeb1EsMC4xNjY2NjY3ZW1GJ0ZjcEZPLUYjNiotRi82JVEiaUYnRjJGNUZjby1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjFGJ0ZPRjIvRmRwUSxbMTI4LDAsMTI4XUYnLyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjRGPUY1LUYjNihGOkYyRmdxRmlxRj1GNUZobi8lLGFjY2VudHVuZGVyR0ZTLUYsNiUtRi82JVEiZ0YnRjJGNS1GIzYmRmBxRjJGPUY1RkAtRkQ2JC1GIzYlRkhGPUZPRk8tRkw2LVEifkYnRk9GUUZmb0ZWRlhGWkZmbkZobkZqbi9GXm9GXG8tRiw2JS1GLzYlUSJoRidGMkY1RmRyRkAtRkQ2JC1GIzYlRmBvRj1GT0ZPRj1GTw==There are many examples in mathematics: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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The rank of a tensor product is the minimum number of terms among all the equivalent representations.
It is a natural tensor product when the factors of each term can be derived from the original function by a finite linear combination of linear functionals.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">The Splitting Operator</Text-field>For a bivariate function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RMSZJbnZpc2libGVUaW1lcztGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1GNjYtUSJ+RidGOUY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIRkpGTUY5and a point LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiYtSSNtaUdGJDYlUSJhRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GMTYlUSJiRidGNEY3Rj5GPi1GOzYtUSJ+RidGPkZAL0ZERkJGRUZHRklGS0ZNRk8vRlNGUUY+where 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, the splitting operator 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 defined by
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.
The point LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJhRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnL0Y7USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGOS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZFLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZFLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGRS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkUvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkUvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GLDYlUSJiRidGN0Y6RkFGQUYrRkE= is called a splitting point.
Note: 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 splits LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= into a rank-one tensor product.
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 interpolates 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 on the lines LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1GLDYlUSJhRidGL0YyRjk= and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1GLDYlUSJiRidGL0YyRjk= , which means that 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 and 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.
These properties allow us to generate a natural tensor product series simply by iterating the splitting operator while varying the choice of splitting point.
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Tensor Product Series Expansions (a la Newton Interpolation Series)</Text-field>Not every bivariate function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= can be expressed as a tensor product of finite rank.For an approximation in 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 where LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is continuous, we can uniformly approximate LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= by a rank-LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIn5GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTEY5tensor product: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 the LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSVtc3VwR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYlUSN0aEYnRjVGOC8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGKy9GOVEnbm9ybWFsRic= remainder : 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The following simple algorithm generates a natural tensor product series expansion LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSVtc3ViR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEic0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYlUSJuRidGNUY4LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGKy9GOVEnbm9ybWFsRic= of a given function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= on LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= .
<Text-field style="Heading 3" layout="Heading 3">Algorithm NTPS</Text-field>. Set 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 and initialize LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiaUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZjb2xvbmVxO0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnRjlGOQ== .. While 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 , iterate the following:) Choose 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 with LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYwLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEifGdyRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y0LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHUSV0cnVlRicvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjQvJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y0LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGNC8lJ2FjY2VudEdGNC8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMTExMTExMWVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkQtRiw2LVEifkYnRi9GMkY1L0Y4RjRGOkY8Rj5GQC9GQ1EmMC4wZW1GJy9GRkZMLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEickYnLyUnaXRhbGljR0Y0Ri8tRiM2Jy1GUjYlUSJpRicvRlZGOS9GMFEnaXRhbGljRictRiw2LVEoJm1pbnVzO0YnRi9GMkY1RkpGOkY8Rj5GQC9GQ1EsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy9GRkZdby1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjFGJ0YvRmZuRmduLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2Ji1GTzYlLUZSNiVRImFGJ0ZmbkZnbi1GIzYmRllGR0ZmbkZnbkZjby1GLDYtUSIsRidGL0YyL0Y2RjlGSkY6RjxGPkZARksvRkZRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRk82JS1GUjYlUSJiRidGZm5GZ25GWUZjb0YvRi9GR0YrRkdGRy1GLDYtUSI9RidGL0YyRjVGSkY6RjxGPkZAL0ZDUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0ZGRmFxRkdGRy1GTzYlLUYjNiQtRmdvNiYtRiM2JUZHLUZPNiUtRlI2JUZURmZuRmduRldGY29GL0YvLyUlb3BlbkdRJiZwYXI7RicvJSZjbG9zZUdGYXJGLy1GIzYlLUYsNi1RKCZpbmZpbjtGJ0YvRjJGNUZKRjpGPEY+RkBGS0ZNRmZuRmduRmNvLUZSNiNRIUYnRi8= .) Let 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 and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiaUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZjb2xvbmVxO0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMRistRjY2LVEnJnBsdXM7RidGOUY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIL0ZLUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnL0ZORlMtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGOUY5 .. Let 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 and return 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 to approximate LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= with uniform error 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 on LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= .Refining terminology introduced by Chapman in his doctoral thesis, we call LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSVtc3ViR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEic0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYlUSJuRidGNUY4LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGKy9GOVEnbm9ybWFsRic= the Geddes-Newton series expansion of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= to LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= terms with respect to the splitting points 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 .Comment on computational cost: Note that Algorithm NTPS in its most general form as presented above has one expensive step. Specifically, step 2(a) calls for a two-dimensional search of the region 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 for the point where the numerical maximum is attained for the absolute remainder 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 .Achieving efficient computation: It turns out to be sufficient to replace step 2(a) by two one-dimensional searches (or a single one-dimensional search in the case of symmetric functions). Moreover, for the one-dimensional searches it is sufficient to sample a discrete set of points defined by the midpoints of previous splitting points. (This is based on computational experience; some proofs are needed here.)
<Text-field style="Heading 3" layout="Heading 3">Example 3.1</Text-field>LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Consider the following symmetric function on 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 :LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYqLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkUvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkUvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZFLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjJGQUZBLUY+Ni1RIj1GJ0ZBRkMvRkdGRUZIRkpGTEZORlAvRlNRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvRlZGam4tSSVtc3VwR0YkNiUtRj42LVEvJkV4cG9uZW50aWFsRTtGJ0ZBRkNGaG5GSEZKRkxGTkZQRlIvRlZRLDAuMTExMTExMWVtRictRiM2KS1GXW82JUY6LUYjNiUtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIyRidGQUYvRjIvJTFzdXBlcnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnLUY+Ni1RIn5GJ0ZBRkNGaG5GSEZKRkxGTkZQRlIvRlZGVC1GXW82JUZYRmhvRl5wRi8vJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR1EsWzEyOCwwLDEyOF1GJy8lLHBsYWNlaG9sZGVyR0YxRjJGXnBGYXAtRiw2JVEkY29zRicvRjBGRUZBLUY2NiQtRiM2JkY6LUY+Ni1RIitGJ0ZBRkNGaG5GSEZKRkxGTkZQL0ZTUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnL0ZWRmhxRlhGQUZBRkE=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The Geddes-Newton series to 3 terms is as follows, where the splitting points are LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJhRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnL0Y7USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGOS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZFLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZFLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGRS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkUvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkUvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJ0Y0RkFGQUYrRkE= for 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<Text-field style="Heading 3" layout="Heading 3">Observations</Text-field>For the symmetric function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkUvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkUvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZFLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjJGQUZBRkE= of Example 3.1, the splitting points are all located on the diagonal LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1GLDYlUSJ4RidGL0YyRjk= of the unit square, as illustrated in the following figure.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=%;LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Note: 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 agrees exactly with 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 at all points on the horizontal and vertical lines through the three splitting points!With this strong interpolating property, even with only three splitting points we find that the maximum error over the unit square satisfies: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If we request a series accurate to 15 digits for the function 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 defined in Example 3.1, we find that only 12 terms are required (i.e., 12 splitting points). In other words,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 distribution of the 12 splitting points for this particular function is illustrated in the following figure.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=%;LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Convergence of the Series (Informal)</Text-field>Note similarities with the case of univariate polynomial interpolation via the Newton interpolation series.In both cases, addition of a new term in the series corresponds to the addition of a new interpolation point.However, in the case of Geddes-Newton series, the interpolation property holds not only at the new point but at all points on two lines passing through that point.Intuitively, for any function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= which is continuous in the unit square LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=, if the splitting points are dense along the diagonal then it is reasonable to expect that LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSVtc3ViR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEic0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYlUSJuRidGNUY4LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGKy9GOVEnbm9ybWFsRic= might converge uniformly to LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= on LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= as LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RLSZSaWdodEFycm93O0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0YxLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEoJmluZmluO0YnRjlGOQ==.In other words, by choosing well distributed splitting points on the diagonal, we can cover the whole unit square with small grid cells. Recall: The remainder LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSVtc3ViR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEickYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYlUSJuRidGNUY4LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGKy9GOVEnbm9ybWFsRic= vanishes on the boundary of each cell .Some formal convergence results are discussed later in this presentation.
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">A Brief Glance at a Proof Technique</Text-field>The easiest case for proving convergence is when LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JlEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GNlEnbm9ybWFsRic= is analytic in a sufficiently large region.The convergence theorem and its proof are similar to the classical case where LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJmRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEwJkFwcGx5RnVuY3Rpb247RicvRjhRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2JC1GLDYlUSJ6RidGNEY3Rj5GPkY+RitGPg== is a function of a single complex variable and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSVtc3ViR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEic0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYlUSJuRidGNUY4LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGKy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUYsNiVRInpGJ0Y1RjgvRjlRJ25vcm1hbEYnRklGK0ZJ denotes the interpolating polynomial.Recall the univariate case (Ref: P.J. Davis, Interpolation and Approximation [Davis63]), as summarized below.Basic tool: A contour integral representation of 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Let LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JlEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GNlEnbm9ybWFsRic= be analytic on LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JlEiU0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RMSZJbnZpc2libGVUaW1lcztGJy9GNlEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRkAvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGQC8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGQC8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkAvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZALyUnYWNjZW50R0ZALyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTy1GOTYuUSkmc3Vic2V0O0YnRjJGPEY+RkFGQ0ZFRkdGSUZLL0ZOUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0ZRRlYtRiw2JlEsJmNvbXBsZXhlcztGJ0YvRjJGNUY8 and suppose that the interpolation points satisfy 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 .Let LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSVtc3ViR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEic0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYlUSJuRidGNUY4LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGKy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUYsNiVRInpGJ0Y1RjgvRjlRJ25vcm1hbEYnRklGK0ZJ be the polynomial interpolating LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJmRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEwJkFwcGx5RnVuY3Rpb247RicvRjhRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2JC1GLDYlUSJ6RidGNEY3Rj5GPkY+RitGPg== at points LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiYtRiM2JkYrLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUYsNiVRImFGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictRiw2JVEiaUYnRjpGPS8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnRisvRj5RJ25vcm1hbEYnRkYvJSVvcGVuR1EifGZyRicvJSZjbG9zZUdRInxockYnRitGRg==.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, LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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.Then for all LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZFbGVtZW50O0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUYsNiVRIkFGJ0YvRjJGOQ== , 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 where 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 .Conclusion: If LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiw2JVEoJmRlbHRhO0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSUmZ3Q7RidGNS8lJmZlbmNlR0Y0LyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y0LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjQvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjQvJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y0LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGNC8lJ2FjY2VudEdGNC8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkwtRiw2JVEoJmFscGhhO0YnRjJGNUY1 then 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 .LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=
For our case, we consider a bivariate function 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 of two complex variables and 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 denotes the Geddes-Newton series expansion of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= to LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= terms with respect to the splitting points 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 .Notation: 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 and 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 .We derive a contour integration formula for the remainder 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 : 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Here, 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 and 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 .Then we can conclude that LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiQtRiw2JS1JI21pR0YkNiVRInJGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictRiM2JS1GNjYlUSJuRidGOUY8RjlGPC8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnL0Y9USdub3JtYWxGJ0ZHLyUlb3BlbkdRJiZwYXI7RicvJSZjbG9zZUdGSy1GIzYnLUY2NiVRIkFGJ0Y5RjwtSSNtb0dGJDYtUSgmdGltZXM7RidGRy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGWS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZZLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZZLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGWS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRlkvJSdhY2NlbnRHRlkvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0Ziby1GNjYlUSJCRidGOUY8RjlGPEZERkc=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYtLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEifkYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y0LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y0LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZDLUYsNi1RJiZsZXE7RidGL0YyRjVGN0Y5RjtGPUY/L0ZCUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0ZFRkpGKy1JI21pR0YkNiVRIk1GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy9GMFEnaXRhbGljRictRiw2LVEnJnNkb3Q7RidGL0YyRjVGN0Y5RjtGPUY/RkFGRC1JJW1zdXBHRiQ2JS1GTTYlUScmIzk0NztGJy9GUUY0Ri8tRk02JVEibkYnRlBGUy8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGVS1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2Jy1GIzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUZNNiZRInJGJ0ZQLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnRlMtRiM2JS1GTTYmRltvRlBGam9GU0ZQRlMvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdGXm9GL0Zqb0YvLyUlb3BlbkdRJiZwYXI7RicvJSZjbG9zZUdGZXAtRmVvNiUtRk02I1EhRictRiM2KS1GLDYuUSsmUGFydGlhbEQ7RidGam9GL0YyRjVGN0Y5RjtGPUY/RkFGRC1GTTYmUSJTRidGUEZqb0ZTLUYsNi5RKCZ0aW1lcztGJ0Zqb0YvRjJGNUY3RjlGO0Y9Rj8vRkJRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvRkVGaXFGX3EtRk02JlEiVEYnRlBGam9GU0ZQRlNGYXAtRiw2LkYuRmpvRi9GMkY1RjdGOUY7Rj1GP0ZBRkRGLw== where the constant LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiTUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= depends on the geometry, and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiw2JVEoJmdhbW1hO0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRidGNQ== depends on separation constants (like before).If LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiw2JVEoJmdhbW1hO0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSI8RidGNS8lJmZlbmNlR0Y0LyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y0LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjQvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjQvJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y0LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGNC8lJ2FjY2VudEdGNC8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkwtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGNUY1 and if the LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSVtc3VwR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYlUSN0aEYnRjVGOC8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGKy9GOVEnbm9ybWFsRic= boundary constant 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 as LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RLSZSaWdodEFycm93O0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEoJmluZmluO0YnRjlGOQ== then 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 .
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Linear Algebra Formulation of Tensor Product Series</Text-field>An efficient implementation is achieved by using a matrix-vector representation of the tensor product series.The series resulting from our algorithm has the algebraic form:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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where LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYvLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiY0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUYvNiVRImlGJ0YyRjVGMkY1LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSJ+RicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZILyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkgvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkgvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZILyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGSC8lJ2FjY2VudEdGSC8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlctRkE2LVEiLEYnRkRGRi9GSkY0RktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVL0ZZUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnRkAtRiw2JS1GLzYlUSJrRidGMkY1LUYjNidGOkZaLUYvNiVRImpGJ0YyRjVGMkY1Rj1GQEZaRkAtRiw2JS1GLzYlUSJsRidGMkY1Rl9vRj1GQC1GQTYtUSUmbmU7RidGREZGRklGS0ZNRk9GUUZTL0ZWUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0ZZRl1wLUkjbW5HRiQ2JEY/RkRGRA== are real-valued constants, and 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 is the splitting point used in the LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSVtc3VwR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEiaUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYlUSN0aEYnRjVGOC8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGKy9GOVEnbm9ybWFsRic= iteration.We can represent the series using matrices and vectors in the formLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYzLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEic0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLzYlUSJuRidGMkY1LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2Ji1GLzYlUSJ4RidGMkY1LUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZOLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZOLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGTi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRk4vJSdhY2NlbnRHRk4vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GLzYlUSJ5RidGMkY1RkpGSi1GRzYtUTEmSW52aXNpYmxlVGltZXM7RidGSkZML0ZQRk5GUUZTRlVGV0ZZRmVuL0ZpbkZnbi1GRzYtUSI9RidGSkZMRmFvRlFGU0ZVRldGWS9GZm5RLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvRmluRmdvRl5vLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUYvNiVRIlZGJ0YyRjUtRi82JVEiVEYnRjJGNS8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHRj0tRj82JC1GIzYkRkNGSkZKLUZHNi5RJyZzZG90O0YnRjJGNUZMRmFvRlFGU0ZVRldGWUZlbkZiby1GLzYlUSJVRidGMkY1RmhwLUYvNiVRIkRGJ0YyRjVGaHAtRi82JVEiTEYnRjJGNUZocC1GLzYlUSJXRidGMkY1LUY/NiQtRiM2JEZbb0ZKRkpGSg==whereLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJWRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEwJkFwcGx5RnVuY3Rpb247RicvRjhRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2JC1GLDYlUSJ4RidGNEY3Rj5GPkY+RitGPg== is a column vector of dimension LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= with elements 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiV0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjIvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRj1GPQ== is a column vector of dimension LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= with elements 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 is an LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKCZ0aW1lcztGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTEYrLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EqRGFzaH5JdGVtRidGOQ== unit upper triangular 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 is an LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKCZ0aW1lcztGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTEYrLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EqRGFzaH5JdGVtRidGOQ== unit lower triangular matrixLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiREYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is an LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKCZ0aW1lcztGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTEYrRjk= diagonal matrix with elements 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 .
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Example 4.1</Text-field>The tensor product series of rank LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiM0YnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJ0Yv generated in Example 3.1 for the symmetric function 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 is represented in the following matrix-vector form.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnRGlnaXRzRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJmNvbG9uZXE7RicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y9LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkwtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSI2RidGOS1GNjYtUSI6RidGOUY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIRkpGTS8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRj1GOQ==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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiYUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZjb2xvbmVxO0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiktSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGOS1GNjYtUSIsRidGOUY7L0Y/RjFGQEZCRkRGRkZIL0ZLUSYwLjBlbUYnL0ZOUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUZVNiRRIjBGJ0Y5RlgtRlU2JFEpMC42MTYzMzZGJ0Y5LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGPUY5RjkvJSVvcGVuR1EiW0YnLyUmY2xvc2VHUSJdRidGYG9GOQ==print(); # input 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(); # input 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(); # input 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(); # input 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(); # input 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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Since LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkUvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkUvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZFLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjJGQUZBRkE= is a symmetric function, we see that the vector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjIvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRj1GPQ== is the same as LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiV0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjIvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRj1GPQ== with LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= replaced by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is simply the transpose of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiTEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= .With the above definitions for the matrices and vectors, the tensor product series 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 of Example 3.1 is as follows where, for illustration, we show 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 and 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 as well as 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.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Rank 1 approximation: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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Rank 2 approximation:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzY8LUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEic0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYnLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0YyLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSgyRH5NYXRoRidGNS8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJmNvbG9uZXE7RidGPi8lJmZlbmNlR0ZCLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRmduLUYvNiVRI1Z4RidGMkY1LUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNictRjs2JFEiMUYnRj4tRko2LVEjLi5GJ0Y+Rk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZXRlkvRmZuUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnL0ZpblEmMC4wZW1GJ0Y6RkBGPkY+LyUlb3BlbkdRIltGJy8lJmNsb3NlR1EiXUYnLUYjNictRi82JVEjJVRGJ0YyRjVGMkZARkNGNS8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHRkgtRko2LVEifkYnRj5GTUZPRlFGU0ZVRldGWS9GZm5GXnBGXXAtRko2LVEiLkYnRj5GTUZPRlFGU0ZVRldGWUZfcUZdcEZccS1GLzYlUSJVRidGMkY1LUZhbzYmLUYjNitGZW9GaG9GOi1GSjYtUSIsRidGPkZNL0ZQRjRGUUZTRlVGV0ZZRl9xL0ZpblEsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJ0Zlb0Zob0Y6RkBGPkY+Rl9wRmJwRlxxRmBxRlxxLUYvNiVRJURpYWdGJ0YyRjVGZnFGXHFGYHFGXHEtRi82JVEiTEYnRjJGNUZmcUZccUZgcUZccS1GLzYlUSNXeUYnRjJGNUZgb0ZARj4=print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Rank 3 approximation: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(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Note: The size of the expressions representing tensor product approximations grows exponentially as the number of terms increases, if we form the explicit expressions. However, by maintaining the representation in matrix-vector form we avoid this expression growth. In our applications, the expressions in LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= (which appear only in the vectors LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjIvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRj1GPQ== and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiV0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjIvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRj1GPQ==) will be evaluated to numerical values before performing the matrix-vector multiplications.Special case: Symmetric functionsAs discussed in our ISSAC'05 paper, it is worth treating the case of symmetric functions specially. We note the following properties.If LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkUvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkUvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZFLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjJGQUZBRkE= is a symmetric function then 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 (i.e., the set of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=-coordinates of the splitting points is the same as the set of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=-coordinates).
It is not necessarily the case that 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 for all LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiaUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= if some off-diagonal splitting points are chosen, but in such a case selecting LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiYtSSNtaUdGJDYlUSJhRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GMTYlUSJiRidGNEY3Rj5GPkY+ as a splitting point (with LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiYUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RJSZuZTtGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1GLDYlUSJiRidGL0YyRjk=) implies that the next splitting point must be LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiYtSSNtaUdGJDYlUSJiRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GMTYlUSJhRidGNEY3Rj5GPkY+. As discussed in the ISSAC'05 paper, by this approach symmetry is maintained throughout the computation.
For the symmetric case, the matrix-vector representation takes the form: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 is a column vector of dimension LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= with elements 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiREYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is an LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKCZ0aW1lcztGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTEYrRjk= diagonal matrix with elements 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 a permutation matrix (identity matrix if the splitting points are all on the diagonal)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 is an LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKCZ0aW1lcztGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTEYrRjk= unit lower triangular matrix.
Benefits of the matrix-vector representationWe avoid forming the explicit expressions for LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEic0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUYvNiVRIm5GJ0YyRjVGMkY1LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2Ji1GLzYlUSJ4RidGMkY1LUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZQLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZQLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGUC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRlAvJSdhY2NlbnRHRlAvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GLzYlUSJ5RidGMkY1RkxGTEZM which would suffer from exponential growth of expression size.The cost of evaluating LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSVtc3ViR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEic0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYlUSJuRidGNUY4LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGKy8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdRKkRhc2h+SXRlbUYnL0Y5USdub3JtYWxGJw== and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSVtc3ViR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEickYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYlUSJuRidGNUY4LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGKy8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdRKkRhc2h+SXRlbUYnL0Y5USdub3JtYWxGJw== is reduced from 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 to 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 evaluations of the original function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdRKkRhc2h+SXRlbUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== .Efficient linear algebra operations for matrix-vector multiplication and inner product can be exploited.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Application to Multidimensional Integration</Text-field>A hybrid symbolic-numeric integration method for analytic integrands over general regions in the LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=-LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= plane was presented at ISSAC'05 [CarvajalChapmanGeddes05].
The method is based on approximating the integrand via tensor product series expansions and then integrating the univariate functions term by term.
The given integration problem is: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 .LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSdtc3BhY2VHRiQ2Ji8lJ2hlaWdodEdRJjAuMGV4RicvJSZ3aWR0aEdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSZkZXB0aEdGNC8lKmxpbmVicmVha0dRKG5ld2xpbmVGJy1GMDYmRjJGNUY4L0Y7USVhdXRvRidGKy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRic=Approximate the integrand 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 and then integrate: 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 .We replace the calculation of one integral in two dimensions by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIn5GJ0YvLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y4LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjgvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjgvJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y4LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGOC8lJ2FjY2VudEdGOC8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkctSSNtaUdGJDYlUSJuRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvRjBRJ2l0YWxpY0YnRi8= integrals each in one dimension: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Since we can transform the 2-D integration problem into a problem over the unit square 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 with a symmetric integrand (see below), it follows from symmetry considerations that it is only necessary to perform LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdRKkRhc2h+SXRlbUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== one-dimensional integrations.
Test results show that our adaptive integration algorithm is effective for computing to high accuracy.
The effectiveness of this scheme relies on the following facts:we have good methods to compute one-dimensional integrals, either in numerical mode or (advantageous in certain situations) symbolic modethe number of terms LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is of modest size (for many integrands of interest) due to the power of this particular interpolation schemewe exploit symmetry and apply efficient linear algebra computations.
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Transformation to a Canonical 2-D Integral</Text-field>An integral with non-constant limits can be converted to a new integral with constant limits via a change of variables.Specifically,LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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using the change of variables: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 ; 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Therefore limit attention to integrals on the unit square.
Making the integrand symmetric: For an integral on the unit square, we can always make the integrand symmetric, 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 .Namely, 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 (symmetric part + anti-symmetric part) whereLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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 ; 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Integral of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictSSVtc3ViR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYlUSJBRidGNUY4LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGKy9GOVEnbm9ybWFsRic= over the unit square is LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJ0Yv, which gives us:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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 .LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Therefore we always have a symmetric integrand on the unit square.
<Text-field style="Heading 3" layout="Heading 3">Example 5.1</Text-field>Consider the double 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Applying the change of variables to transform to the unit square, and then applying symmetrization, yields the new problem:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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whereLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Result of computation:Geddes-Newton series for 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was computed to 3 terms.The series was integrated (applying one-dimensional quadratures).Computed result: 0.385433Result is correct to 5 significant digits (with only 3 terms).
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Computational Results in 2-D</Text-field>The results in the following table are for the 2-D integral:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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
Tol = requested accuracy toleranceTime = CPU time in secondsResult = computed value of the integral (to the number of digits requested)Pts = number of splitting pointsRelErr = relative error, compared with an accurate reference value
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Integration in High Dimensions: A Brief Summary</Text-field>As presented in our ISSAC'05 paper, we have extended our hybrid symbolic-numeric integration method to families of analytic integrands with special algebraic structure over hyperrectangular regions in higher dimensions.
The method is based on recursive dimension-halving via separation of variables.
Multidimensional integrals are reduced to one-dimensional integrals using Geddes-Newton series expansions to generate accurate tensor-product approximations of the integrand.
Test results show that our new adaptive integration algorithm is effective both with high accuracy and in high dimensions.
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Bivariate Functions: The need for increased evaluation speed</Text-field>LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=For a bivariate function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkUvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkUvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZFLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjJGQUZBRkE=, suppose we have a "black box" method for numerical evaluation at any specific point 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.
However, suppose that the speed of evaluation is too slow compared to expectations for computations restricted to hardware floating point precision.
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Example 6.1: Potential SpeedUp for a Bessel function</Text-field>LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Consider LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUYvNiVRJyYjOTU3O0YnL0YzUSZmYWxzZUYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0YyRjUvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUYvNiVRInpGJ0YyRjVGP0Y/Rj8=, the Bessel function of the second kind.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnRGlnaXRzRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJmNvbG9uZXE7RicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y9LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkwtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSMxMEYnRjktRjY2LVEiOkYnRjlGO0Y+RkBGQkZERkZGSEZKRk0vJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y9Rjk=print(); # input 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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYwLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEraW50QmVzc2VsWUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZjb2xvbmVxO0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUkobXN1YnN1cEdGJDYnLUknbXN0eWxlR0YkNiYtRjY2L1EmJmludDtGJy8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUS5bMTQ0LDE0NCwxNDRdRidGOS9JK21zZW1hbnRpY3NHRiRRJmluZXJ0RidGO0Y+L0ZBRjFGQi9GRUYxRkZGSC9GS1EmMC4wZW1GJy9GTkZbb0ZYLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGPUY5LUYjNiktSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIwRidGOUYvL0ZZUSxbMTI4LDAsMTI4XUYnRl1vLyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjEvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSgyRH5NYXRoRidGMi1GIzYpLUZibzYkUSI0RidGOUYvRmVvRl1vRmdvRmlvRjIvJTFzdXBlcnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R0Zkby8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R0Zkby1GUDYnRlItRiM2KS1GYm82JFEiMUYnRjlGL0Zlb0Zdb0Znb0Zpb0YyLUYjNiktRmJvNiRRIzEwRidGOUYvRmVvRl1vRmdvRmlvRjJGYXBGY3AtRiw2JVEiZkYnRi9GMi1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYnLUYsNiVRJyYjOTU3O0YnL0YwRj1GOS1GNjYtUSIsRidGOUY7L0Y/RjFGQEZCRkRGRkZIRmpuL0ZOUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInpGJ0YvRjJGXW9GOUY5LUY2Ni1RIn5GJ0Y5RjtGPkZARkJGREZGRkhGam5GXG8tRlM2Ji1GNjYvUTAmRGlmZmVyZW50aWFsRDtGJ0ZYRjlGZW5GO0Y+RkBGQkZERkZGSEZqbkZcb0ZYRl1vRjlGY3JGZnJGaXJGaXFGXW9GOQ==print(); # input 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEmZXZhbGZGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2JS1GLDYlUStpbnRCZXNzZWxZRidGL0YyLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRkAtRiw2I1EhRidGPUZAprint(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYrLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEuaW50QmVzc2VsVGltZUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZjb2xvbmVxO0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUYsNiVRJXRpbWVGJ0YvRjItSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2JS1GLDYjUSFGJy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRj1GOUY5LUY2Ni1RKCZtaW51cztGJ0Y5RjtGPkZARkJGREZGRkgvRktRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvRk5Gam4tRiw2JVEjc3RGJ0YvRjItRjY2LVEiOkYnRjlGO0Y+RkBGQkZERkZGSEZKRk1GWkY5print(); # input 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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The user information printed above identifies the cause of the slow computation:"evalhf callback failed"meaning that the function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEoQmVzc2VsWUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSJ+RidGMi8lJmZlbmNlR0YxLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjEvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjEvJShsYXJnZW9wR0YxLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGMS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGMS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRklGMg==is unknown to the numerical library in C. Every function evaluation must be performed by calling back to Maple in software floating point mode rather than proceeding completely in hardware floating point.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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print(); # input 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEmZXZhbGZGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2JS1GLDYlUS5yZXN1bHRDb21wYXJlRidGL0YyLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRkBGPUZAprint(); # input 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print(); # input 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print(); # input 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(); # input 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 developing appropriate approximations for 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 as a function of two arguments, the speed of the numerical integration computation with integrand LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEoQmVzc2VsWUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJ2RicvRjBRJXRydWVGJy9GM1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRidGMi8lJmZlbmNlR0YxLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y+LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjEvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjEvJShsYXJnZW9wR0YxLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGMS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGMS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInpGJ0Y9Rj9GMkYyRjI= should be nearly as fast as the latter integral computation.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkUvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkUvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZFLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjJGQUZBRkE= may be defined implicitly, for example via a differential equation for which a closed-form solution is not available. In such a case, evaluation requires the numerical solution of a differential equation.
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Example 6.2: A function defined by a nonlinear BVP</Text-field>LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Consider the function 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defined by the following nonlinear boundary value problem on LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RJiZsZXE7RidGLy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGOC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y4LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y4LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGOC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjgvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjgvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZHLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnL0YwUSdpdGFsaWNGJ0YyLUYsNiRRIjFGJ0YvRi8= .LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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print(); # input 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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Define the function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiSEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRJyYjOTQ1O0YnL0YwUSZmYWxzZUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJ0Y/LyUmZmVuY2VHRj4vJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjEvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj4vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y+LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y+LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRiw2JVEieEYnRi9GMkY/Rj9GPw== by a procedure which numerically solves the BVP to obtain the function value.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYpLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjc3RGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSomY29sb25lcTtGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1GLDYlUSV0aW1lRidGL0YyLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiUtRiw2I1EhRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y9RjlGOS1GNjYtUSI6RidGOUY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIRkpGTUZaRjk=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEncGxvdDNkRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNjotSSNtb0dGJDYtUSInRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMTExMTExMWVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLUYsNiVRIkhGJ0YvRjJGOi1GNjYkLUYjNictRiw2JVEnJiM5NDU7RicvRjBGQkY+LUY7Ni1RIixGJ0Y+RkAvRkRGMUZFRkdGSUZLRk0vRlBGVC9GU1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GLDYlUSJ4RidGL0YyLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGQkY+Rj5Gam4tRjs2LVEifkYnRj5GQEZDRkVGR0ZJRktGTUZeb0ZSRmZuLUY7Ni1RIj1GJ0Y+RkBGQ0ZFRkdGSUZLRk0vRlBRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvRlNGXXAtRjs2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RidGPkZARkNGRUZHRklGS0ZNL0ZQUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnL0ZTRmNwLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnRj4tRjs2LVEjLi5GJ0Y+RkBGQ0ZFRkdGSUZLRk1GYnBGUkZlcEZqbkZhb0Zpby1GZnA2JFEiMEYnRj5GaXAtRmZwNiRRIjFGJ0Y+RmpuLUYsNiVRJWF4ZXNGJ0YvRjJGaW8tRiw2JVEmYm94ZWRGJ0YvRjJGZG9GPkY+RmRvRj4=%;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print(); # input 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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The computation is slow because each new evaluation point requires the numerical solution of a boundary value problem.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=In addition to a given "black box" numerical evaluation method, we will exploit the ability to analyze LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkUvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkUvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZFLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjJGQUZBRkE= for singularities and to compute series expansions at singular points (in cases where the function definition allows for symbolic manipulation).
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Example 6.3: BesselY near z=0</Text-field>LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Consider again LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUYvNiVRJyYjOTU3O0YnL0YzUSZmYWxzZUYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0YyRjUvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUYvNiVRInpGJ0YyRjVGP0Y/Rj8=, the Bessel function of the second kind as in Example 6.1, and consider the series expansion first for the case when the order LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnJiM5NTc7RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJ0Yy is a non-integer.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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print(); # input 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print(); # input 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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=In general for any order LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnJiM5NTc7RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJ0Yy, the expansion about LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjBGJ0Y5Rjk= starts with a term in LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYmLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtRi82JVEnJiM5NTc7RicvRjNGQkY+RjJGNS8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== .LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnJiM5NTc7RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZjb2xvbmVxO0YnRjIvJSZmZW5jZUdGMS8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGMS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0YxLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0YxLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGMS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjEvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjEvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZJLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiM0YnRjItRjY2LVEiOkYnRjJGOUY7Rj1GP0ZBRkNGRUZHRkovJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0YxRjI=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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Fact: For any order LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnJiM5NTc7RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJ0Yy, 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 as 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.In the overall approximation scheme for this function, evaluation at points LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiYtSSNtaUdGJDYlUScmIzk1NztGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnRjcvJSZmZW5jZUdGNi8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdRJXRydWVGJy8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y2LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y2LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjYvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjYvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GMTYlUSJ6RicvRjVGQi9GOFEnaXRhbGljRidGN0Y3Rjc= where LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is close to LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJ0Yv will be handled by summing the series expansion.For our general bivariate approximation scheme based on tensor product series, we will restrict the region away from LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjBGJ0Y5Rjk=. In other words, the restriction is LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RJiZnZXE7RicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y9LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkwtRiw2JVElem1pbkYnRi9GMkY5 where, for example, we may choose 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 .print(); # input placeholderStill, polynomial approximation requires a high degree due to the nearby singularity.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiI0YnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y0LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y0LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZDLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVFqb35EZWZpbmV+dGhlfmFjY3VyYWN5fmdvYWx+J2hmZXBzJ34oYmFzZWR+b25+aGFyZHdhcmV+ZmxvYXRpbmd+cG9pbnR+cHJlY2lzaW9uKS5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy9GMFEnaXRhbGljRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y0Ri8=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print(); # input 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(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiI0YnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y0LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y0LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZDLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVE7fkRlZmluZX53b3JraW5nfnByZWNpc2lvbi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy9GMFEnaXRhbGljRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y0Ri8=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print(); # input 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEld2l0aEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYlLUYsNiVRKm51bWFwcHJveEYnRi9GMi8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJ0ZALUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiOkYnRkAvJSZmZW5jZUdGPy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPy8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y/LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y/LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPy8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj8vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj8vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZWRj1GQA==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%;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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEqY2hlYnlzaGV2RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEifkYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMRjk=command has computed the "infinite" Chebyshev series, truncated where the magnitude of the terms becomes smaller than the specified precision LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEmaGZlcHNGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn. Thus the degree obtained is a measure of the "approximation degree" required for the given function.Multiplication by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUYvNiVRJyYjOTU3O0YnL0YzUSZmYWxzZUYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0YyRjUvJTFzdXBlcnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnRj8= yields a function which is finite at LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjBGJ0Y5Rjk= .LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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print(); # input 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(); # input 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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=This achieves some reduction in the degree required for polynomial approximation.However, the series expansion reveals a square root singularity at LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjBGJ0Y5Rjk= . For the case of integer order LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnJiM5NTc7RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJ0Yy, the series expansion reveals a logarithmic singularity at LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjBGJ0Y5Rjk= . In both cases, rational approximation will be advantageous.Trying various rational degrees LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiYtSSNtaUdGJDYlUSJtRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GMTYlUSJuRidGNEY3Rj5GPkY+ decreasing from degree LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiYtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSMxOUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJ0Y0LyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnRjBGNEY0RjQ=, we find that degree LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiYtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSMxNUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJ0Y0LyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnRjBGNEY0RjQ= is sufficient to achieve the desired accuracy LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEmaGZlcHNGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn .LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The resulting approximation for the function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVElZm5ld0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= on the interval 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 is of the 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print(); # input placeholderfor numerator coefficients LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiY0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUYvNiVRImtGJ0YyRjVGMkY1LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYn and denominator coefficients LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYnLUYvNiVRImtGJ0YyRjVGMi8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnRjUvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy1GLzYjUSFGJ0Y9L0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJw== .The approximation for the original function 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 on the interval LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiYtSSZtZnJhY0dGJDYoLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy1GIzYlLUY0NiRRIzEwRidGNy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy9GOFEnaXRhbGljRicvJS5saW5ldGhpY2tuZXNzR0Y2LyUrZGVub21hbGlnbkdRJ2NlbnRlckYnLyUpbnVtYWxpZ25HRkgvJSliZXZlbGxlZEdRJmZhbHNlRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRidGNy8lJmZlbmNlR0ZNLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZBLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRk0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRk0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZNLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGTS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGTS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnRjNGN0Y3LyUlb3BlbkdRIltGJy8lJmNsb3NlR1EiXUYnRjc= is thereforeLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYmLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtRi82JVEnJiM5NTc7RicvRjNGQkY+RjJGNS8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictRjs2LVEifkYnRj5GQEZDRkVGR0ZJRktGTS9GUFEmMC4wZW1GJy9GU0Zpbi1GLzYlUShjaGVicmF0RidGMkY1Rj4= .LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=It can be verified that the maximum error 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 is less than 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 .LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Approximation of Bivariate Functions via Tensor Product Series</Text-field>Given a bivariate function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkUvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkUvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZFLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjJGQUZBRkE= and a region of interest 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, we wish to generate a numerical evaluation routine LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEoZmFwcHJveEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= such thatLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=where LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEmaGZ0b2xGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn is the unit roundoff error for a specified hardware floating point precision. Moreover, the routine LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEoZmFwcHJveEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= must be "purely numerical" in the sense that it can be translated into a language such as C and can be compiled for inclusion in a numerical library.The above specification implies the need to generate numerical approximations for LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkUvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkUvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZFLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInlGJ0YvRjJGQUZBRkE=. By using tensor product series approximations, the bivarate approximation problem is reduced to a sequence of univariate approximation problems and then some well-known methods for univariate approximation are applied.As will be seen, our algorithm automatically subdivides the region LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= into subregions based on specified limits for the number of terms allowed in a tensor product series and for the degrees of the univariate approximations. Let us first treat a case where no subdivisions of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= are required.
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Example 7.1: Tensor Product Series Approximation in a Region</Text-field>Consider the function 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, the Bessel function of the second kind, and suppose that we approximate this function in the region 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 , in other words 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 . This is a small region and no subdivisions of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= are required.print(); # input placeholderThe algorithm computes a tensor product series approximation based on the following distribution of splitting points.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=%;LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The matrix-vector representation of the tensor product series is as follows (carrying only 6 digits for this illustration).LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnRGlnaXRzRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJmNvbG9uZXE7RicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y9LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkwtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSI2RidGOS1GNjYtUSI6RidGOUY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIRkpGTS8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRj1GOQ==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print(); # input 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print(); # input placeholderprint(); # input 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print(); # input 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(); # input 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(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=If one wanted the explict expression for the tensor product series 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 it is given 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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=However the expression is quite large and, more significantly, with the explicit expression it is impossible to evaluate to full accuracy in hardware floating point precision. The problem can be seen by the large diagonal elements appearing above, which produce a sum of terms with large values adding up to a relatively small final answer (a classical case of unstable numerical computation!).Fortunately, by maintaining the matrix-vector formulation we obtain a stable evaluation algorithm as will be seen.It can be verified that (when the digits are carried to hardware floating point precision):LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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print(); # input placeholderprint(); # input placeholderprint(); # input placeholderprint(); # input placeholder
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Example 7.2: Approximating the Univariate Functions</Text-field>Continuing with the approximation problem of Example 7.1, we must now compute approximations for each of the univariate functions appearing in the vectors LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiV0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYpLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiJ0YnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y0LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y0LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjExMTExMTFlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy1JI21pR0YkNiVRIlZGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy9GMFEnaXRhbGljRidGKy1GLDYtUSI9RidGL0YyRjVGN0Y5RjtGPUY/L0ZCUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0ZFRlRGRy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRjRGLw==print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYpLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiJ0YnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y0LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y0LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjExMTExMTFlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy1JI21pR0YkNiVRIldGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy9GMFEnaXRhbGljRidGKy1GLDYtUSI9RidGL0YyRjVGN0Y5RjtGPUY/L0ZCUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0ZFRlRGRy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRjRGLw==print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The approach taken for each univariate function is to compute a Chebyshev series on the specified interval, truncated to accuracy LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEmaGZ0b2xGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn. This determines the approximation degree required for the particular function and if this degree is too large (greater than degree 25) for any of the univariate functions then the corresponding interval is subdivided and the process is repeated.Since the degrees are not too large in this case, no subdivisions are required. Noting that rational approximations are more efficient than polynomial approximations for some functions, the algorithm will compute Chebyshev-Pade approximations if they lead to approximations of smaller total degree.For example, consider the entry LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiV0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiNEYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0YyRjUvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJ0Y+ and compute a Chebyshev series to the specified accuracy. Recall from Example 6.3 that for this function it is helpful to factor out a power of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= due to the singularity at LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjBGJ0Y5Rjk= and our algorithm will do so.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZjb2xvbmVxO0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUYsNiVRIldGJ0YvRjItRiM2JS1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjRGJ0Y5Ri9GMi8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGPUY5print(); # input 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print(); # input 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print(); # input 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print(); # input 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print(); # input 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print(); # input 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(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=This polynomial approximation is of degree LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEjMTNGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRidGLw==. By trying successive Chebyshev-Pade approximants of degrees LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYrLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiYtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSI2RicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnRjQvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHUSV0cnVlRicvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRidGMEY0RjQvJSVvcGVuR1EiW0YnLyUmY2xvc2VHUSJdRidGNy1GODYtUSJ+RidGNEY7L0Y/Rj1GQUZDRkVGR0ZJRksvRk9GTS1GLDYmLUYjNiYtRjE2JFEiNUYnRjRGN0ZqbkY0RjRGUUZURjdGVy1GODYtUSMuLkYnRjRGO0ZaRkFGQ0ZFRkdGSS9GTFEsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJ0Zlbi1GODYtUSIuRidGNEY7RlpGQUZDRkVGR0ZJRktGZW5GNA== decreasing until the maximum error is too large, the algorithm finds that the LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiYtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSI1RicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnRjQvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHUSV0cnVlRicvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRidGMEY0RjQvJSVvcGVuR1EiW0YnLyUmY2xvc2VHUSJdRidGNA== approximant (for total degree 10) achieves the desired accuracy.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Rational approximation is advantageous over polynomial approximation for this function because, as discussed in Example 6.3, even though we have factored out a power of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIn5GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTEY5to improve the leading term of the series expansion about LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjBGJ0Y5Rjk=, it remains the case that LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVElZm5ld0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= has a logarithmic singularity at LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjBGJ0Y5Rjk=. The left endpoint of the interval of approximation is 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 which means that the singularity is "nearby".LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Noting that the approximation LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEoY2hlYnBhZEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= has been computed for the function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVElZm5ld0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=, the final approximation for the original function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= isLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYmLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGPkYyRjUvJTFzdXBlcnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnLUY7Ni1RJyZzZG90O0YnRj5GQEZDRkVGR0ZJRktGTS9GUFEmMC4wZW1GJy9GU0Zpbi1GLzYlUShjaGVicGFkRidGMkY1Rj4=In general, Chebyshev-Pade approximants will be used in this manner for the functions of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= appearing in the vector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiV0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=. In contrast, for the functions of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnJiM5NTc7RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJ0Yy in the vector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= the algorithm finds that rational approximation offers no advantage and the truncated Chebyshev series is used.For example, consider LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiNEYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0YyRjUvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIn5GJ0Y+LyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZJLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkkvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkkvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZJLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGSS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGSS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlgtRkQ2LVEiLkYnRj5GR0ZKRkxGTkZQRlJGVEZWRllGPg==LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYnLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiNEYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0YyLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSgyRH5NYXRoRidGNS8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnRkBGPg==print(); # input 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print(); # input 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(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=One finds that rational approximations offer no advantage for the univariate functions of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnJiM5NTc7RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJ0Yy meaning that these functions are "polynomial-like".LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=print(); # input placeholderprint(); # input placeholder
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Remark on Data Structures</Text-field>For each univariate function appearing in LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and in LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiV0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=, we must store information about the corresponding polynomial or rational approximation. The most general form of approximation to be stored is the form appearing for the function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEoQmVzc2VsWUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2Ji1JI21uR0YkNiRRJDEuMEYnRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRidGMi8lJmZlbmNlR0YxLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRjEvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRjEvJShsYXJnZW9wR0YxLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGMS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGMS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRInpGJy9GMEZGL0YzUSdpdGFsaWNGJ0YyRjJGMg== considered above, which is of the form: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where LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnJiM5NjQ7RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJ0YyLyUmZmVuY2VHRjEvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjEvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGMS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGMS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRjEvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0YxLyUnYWNjZW50R0YxLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGSS1GNjYtUSomdW1pbnVzMDtGJ0YyRjlGO0Y9Rj9GQUZDRkUvRkhRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvRktGUC1JI21uR0YkNiRRJDEuMEYnRjJGMg== in that particular example and whereLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Therefore for each entry in LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and in LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiV0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=, we store a vector containing the following purely numerical information: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Evaluation of the approximation at a point LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiekYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JJW1zdWJHRiQ2JUYrLUYjNiUtRiw2JVEiakYnRi9GMkYvRjIvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy1GLDYjUSFGJ0Y5 requires evaluation of the numerator and denominator polynomials in Chebyshev form. Since there are several such polynomials in Chebyshev form (the numerator and denominator in the approximations for each entry in LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiV0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=, for example), it can be advantageous to use a vectorized form of the evaluation algorithm.Similarly, there would be approximations of the same form for the univariate functions of \316\275 appearing in the vector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=. As noted above, in some cases the approximation will be a polynomial rather than a rational function, in which case the denominator is simply 1.
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Example 7.4: Stable Evaluation of the Matrix-Vector Form</Text-field>Suppose that we have stored polynomial or rational approximations for each univariate function appearing in the vectors LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiV0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= of the preceding Example. Given our overall approximation of the function 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 in the region LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2KC1GLDYlUSJSRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiYtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGPi1GOzYtUSIsRidGPkZAL0ZERjZGRUZHRklGS0ZNL0ZQUSYwLjBlbUYnL0ZTUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUZaNiRRIjJGJ0Y+Rj5GPi8lJW9wZW5HUSJbRicvJSZjbG9zZUdRIl1GJy1GOzYtUSgmdGltZXM7RidGPkZARkNGRUZHRklGS0ZNL0ZQUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnL0ZTRlxwLUZVNiYtRiM2Ji1JJm1mcmFjR0YkNihGWS1GIzYlLUZaNiRRIjRGJ0Y+RjRGNy8lLmxpbmV0aGlja25lc3NHRmZuLyUrZGVub21hbGlnbkdRJ2NlbnRlckYnLyUpbnVtYWxpZ25HRl5xLyUpYmV2ZWxsZWRHRkJGZ24tRmNwNihGWS1GIzYkRl9vRj5GanBGXHFGX3FGYXFGPkY+RmJvRmVvRj5GK0Y+, suppose that we wish to evaluate at the point LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiYtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSQxLjNGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRidGNC8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdRJXRydWVGJy8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GMTYkUSQwLjRGJ0Y0RjRGNEY0.Since we have stored accurate approximations for the univariate functions, we will evaluate the vectors LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiVkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiV0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= to the following values (for simplicity here, we just enter the correct numerical values).We will use LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnRGlnaXRzRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiNkYnRjlGOQ== here for illustration, but we would normally work with hardware floating point precision. Also, for this precision the number of terms required would be LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnblRlcm1zRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiNUYnRjlGOQ==.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnRGlnaXRzRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJmNvbG9uZXE7RicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y9LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkwtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSI2RidGOS1GNjYtUSI6RidGOUY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIRkpGTS8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRj1GOQ==LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEyVXNlSGFyZHdhcmVGbG9hdHNGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSomY29sb25lcTtGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1GLDYlRj1GL0YyLUY2Ni1RIjpGJ0Y5RjtGPkZARkJGREZGRkhGSkZNLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGPUY5print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnblRlcm1zRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJmNvbG9uZXE7RicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y9LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkwtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSI1RidGOS1GNjYtUSI6RidGOUY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIRkpGTS8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRj1GOQ==LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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print(); # input 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(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Then the tensor product series approximation in the region LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= has the following matrix-vector representation which can be evaluated to yield the desired numerical value.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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print(); # input 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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Note that LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVElRGlhZ0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= has entries which grow large and this can cause unstable numerical evaluation unless we choose the correct order of evaluation. The bracketing above specifies the correct order of evaluation.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVElRGlhZ0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw==print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The following is an example of unstable evaluation.Suppose that we first compute the product of the three matrices.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYvLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnVURpYWdMRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJmNvbG9uZXE7RicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y9LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkwtRiw2JVEiVUYnRi9GMi1GNjYtUSJ+RidGOUY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIL0ZLUSYwLjBlbUYnL0ZORlYtRjY2LVEiLkYnRjlGO0Y+RkBGQkZERkZGSEZVRldGUi1GLDYlUSVEaWFnRidGL0YyRlJGWEZSLUYsNiVRIkxGJ0YvRjIvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y9Rjk=print(); # input 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(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEtY29ycmVjdFZhbHVlRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnprint(); # input placeholderThis result has no correct digits!Fortunately, using the right-to-left evaluation of the matrix-vector form can be shown to be numerically stable.print(); # input placeholder
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Example 7.5: Approximation in a Large Region</Text-field>Consider once again the Bessel function of the second kind, 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, but this time in a larger region 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 . Our algorithm was run for this example and the region was subdivided based on the requirements:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnblRlcm1zRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEmJmxlcTtGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIzI1RidGOUY5 and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnZGVncmVlRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEmJmxlcTtGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIzI1RidGOUY5where LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnblRlcm1zRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== is the number of terms in a tensor product series expansion and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnZGVncmVlRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== refers to the degree of the polynomials appearing in the numerator or denominator of the univariate approximations.The algorithm produces a hash function such that, given an evaluation point 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 the result of 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 is an integer index LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEia0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= into the array of numerical values defining the approximation on the LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEia0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUYvNiVRI3RoRidGMkY1RjJGNS8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYn subregion. Specifically, the hash function for this example is the following Maple LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEqcGllY2V3aXNlRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== expression indicating that the region LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= was subdivided into 12 subregions.print(); # input placeholder%;LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=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(); # input 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print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=For example, for evaluation at the point LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiYtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSQxLjNGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRidGNC8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdRJXRydWVGJy8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GMTYkUSQwLjRGJ0Y0RjRGNEY0 we getLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVElaGFzaEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYnLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEkMS4zRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnRj4vJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjEvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGRi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGRi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkYvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZGLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZGLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRjs2JFEkMC40RidGPi8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRkZGPkY+RmZuRj4=print(); # input placeholderLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=indicating that we must evaluate the approximation stored for the subregion indexed by 2.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The 12 subregions for the above example are pictured in the plot below.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=%;print(); # input placeholder%;As can be seen, the individual subregions have index numbers ranging from 1 to 12.
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Timing Results for Various Bivariate Functions</Text-field>The following files contain tables of timing information for a selection of bivariate functions, as presented in the Masters thesis by Xiang Wang [Wang08].Timings/BesselJ.pdfTimings/BesselY.pdfTimings/Beta.pdfTimings/JacobiSN.pdfTimings/LegendreP.pdfTimings/BVP_H.pdf (See below for the definition of the function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiSEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRJyYjOTQ1O0YnL0YwUSZmYWxzZUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJ0Y/LyUmZmVuY2VHRj4vJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjEvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj4vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y+LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y+LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRiw2JVEieEYnRi9GMkY/Rj8tRiw2I1EhRidGPw==)
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Definition of the function BVP_H (Solution of a nonlinear BVP)</Text-field>The function 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was defined in a preceding section by the following nonlinear boundary value problem on LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RJiZsZXE7RidGLy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGOC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y4LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y4LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGOC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjgvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjgvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZHLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnL0YwUSdpdGFsaWNGJ0YyLUYsNiRRIjFGJ0YvRi8= .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print(); # input 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print(); # input placeholderJSFHJSFHDefine the function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiSEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRJyYjOTQ1O0YnL0YwUSZmYWxzZUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJ0Y/LyUmZmVuY2VHRj4vJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjEvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj4vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y+LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y+LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRiw2JVEieEYnRi9GMkY/Rj9GPw== by a procedure which numerically solves the BVP to obtain the function value.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print(); # input placeholder
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Convergence Results for the Symmetric Positive Definite Case</Text-field>Theoretical convergence results for the general case have yet to be developed. For a class of symmetric bivariate functions, some recently developed convergence results are summarized in the document Convergence.pdf .
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">References</Text-field>[Carvajal04] O.A. Carvajal, A New Hybrid Symbolic-Numeric Method for Multiple Integration Based on Tensor-Product Series. Master's thesis, School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, 2004.[CarvajalChapmanGeddes05] O.A. Carvajal, F.W. Chapman and K.O. Geddes, Hybrid symbolic-numeric integration in multiple dimensions via tensor-product series. Proc. ISSAC'05, Manuel Kauers (ed.), ACM Press, New York, 2005, pp. 84-91.[Chapman03] F.W. Chapman, Generalized Orthogonal Series for Natural Tensor Product Interpolation. Ph.D thesis, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 2003.[Davis63] P.J. Davis, Interpolation and Approximation. Blaisdell, 1963.[Thomas76] D.H. Thomas, A natural tensor product interpolation formula and the pseudoinverse of a matrix. Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 1976.[Wang08] Xiang Wang, Automated Generation of Numerical Evaluation Routines for Bivariate Functions via Tensor Product Series. Master's thesis, School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, 2008.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=